%   leaflet.tex  --  Oliver Fromme  <olli@fromme.com>
%
%   Informationsbroschüre über BSD, erstellt anläßlich der
%   Messe »Systems 2001« in München.
%
%   Leaflet on the BSDs, in English & German (first written for a trade show).
%
%   Update 20.12.2002 - Rainer Duffner
%   Merge der Leaflets von Oliver Fromme und Daniel Lang
%   TeX scrapped from Oliver ....
%
%   Update Jan 2003 Julian H. Stacey
%   	Introduced Combined English + German format,
%   	translated Rainer's version to English
%	Tweaked english half a little, with typos+style feedback from
%	Kevin Kinsey from advocacy@freebsd.org
%   	Next: Conversion from `le' to `m4' macro processor +
%   	introduction of m4 directives to compile A4 or USA
%
%   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
%   AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
%   TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
%   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR
%   OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
%   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
%   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF
%   USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED
%   AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
%   LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN
%   ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
%   POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
%
% Avoid use of !}fmt within vi on the German sections, as it zaps umlauts,
% (It's nice on the English sections though, to make source more readable 
% to human editors).

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\newcommand{\UNIX}{UNIX\textregistered}
\newcommand{\TOG}{The Open Group\texttrademark}
\newcommand{\Abschnitt}[1]{
	\begin{center}
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%==================  end of preamble  ==================

\begin{document}

\begin{center}
%	BIM -- Berkeley in Munich \ $<$bsd@bim.bsn.com$>$\\
%	BIM -- Berkeley in Munich \ $<$bsd2@berklix.org$>$\\
	BIM -- Berkeley in Munich \\
	presents:
\end{center}

\begin{center}
	\Huge\textbf{BSD}\\
	\large\textsc{Berkeley Software Distribution}
\end{center}

\vskip 0pt plus 1fill

\hspace*{0.1\textwidth}{\epsfxsize=0.8\textwidth \leavevmode \epsffile{bug.ps}}

\vskip 0pt plus 1fill

In this leaflet we try to give you an overview of the three open
source representatives of the family of BSD \UNIX operating systems:

\begin{center}
\large\bfseries
\begin{tabular}{l@{\quad}l}
	FreeBSD	& \texttt{http://www.freebsd.org/} \\
	NetBSD	& \texttt{http://www.netbsd.org/} \\
	OpenBSD	& \texttt{http://www.openbsd.org/}
\end{tabular}
\end{center}

\vskip 0pt plus 1fill

\begin{center}
\small{
Deutsch Uebersetzung auch erhaltlich:
\vskip 0pt 
http://www.berklix.org/bim/leaflet/
 }
\vskip 0pt plus 1fill
\end{center}

 {\footnotesize
% \hbox to \hsize{\textcopyright{} BIM, http://bim.bsn.com/
\hbox to \hsize{\textcopyright{} BIM, http://www.berklix.org/bim/
%	\hss Stand 10/2001\@.  Alle Angaben ohne Gewähr.}
	\hss Jan/2003\@.  
	All info unguaranteed.
 }
\hbox to \hsize{Format:  \LaTeXe{} on FreeBSD 4.7
	\hss Print:  dvips\,/\,ps2pdf}
\hbox to \hsize{\hss
	Prepared/ Printed in Germany\quad-\quad Imprim\'e en Allemagne
	\hss}
\par}

\newpage

\Abschnitt{
Introduction
 }

BSD-Unix -
what's that ?
That's the question that crops up often when the name shows up.
This leaflet aims to give the most important answers,
% on that theme
plus starting points to get you asking more questions that go deeper
than this leaflet covers.

\Abschnitt{
Many BSDs - One Philosophy
 }

Traditionaly one divides the group of UNIX operating systems in 2
groups: System V ("`SysV"' for short) and BSD\@.  The later originated
at the University of Berkeley, California.  Today's BSD Systems are
direct descendants from "`4.4BSD Lite2"', the last official BSD
version from Berkeley.

The origins of BSD reach back to the 1970s, and the history is too
complex to roll out here, but one can say:

\begin{itemize}
\item
There's over 30 years development work in BSD systems, in that the
software has been continually revamped to modern requirements, but
without ever throwing out the entire thing and starting completely
anew.  As a result today BSD derivatives are mature stable Unixes
without teething troubles.

\item
Over time, multiple loosely coupled branches of BSD have evolved,
each following their own objectives, but they remain very similar
and through cross porting of interfaces, drivers and applications
remain interchangeable.

\item
Today, derivatives include:
FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD,
and
BSDi;
The later is a commercial variant.  Other commercial derivatives
are Mac OS-X from Apple and the completely open derivative "`Darwin"'.
% is that true ? jhs@
BSDi, Darwin and MacOS aren't dealt with more here, for lack of space.

\item
None of the BSDs is a "`Linux Distribution"' - Linux and the BSDs
are similar insofar as they use much of the same software, EG
gcc etc.) but kernel, licence, and development models are markedly
different.
\end{itemize}

\Abschnitt{
Similarities
 }
All BSDs have the following attributes and conditions in common.

\UAbschnitt{
BSD Licence
 }
The majority of the source code of the BSD operating systems is available
under the standard BSD licence.  In contrast to the GPL licence
used by the Linux Kernel, BSD licences (there are several variants)
allow distribution of binaries without accompanying sources, which
is important for commercial products, which are based on BSD code
but for which companies want to release either no, or only partial
sources.

\UAbschnitt{
From One Mold
 }
Each BSD encompasses not just the kernel, but also a number of
system libraries (libc, libpam...), user programs (ls, more, find,
sort, lpr...) and system administrator commands (ifconfig, chown,
cron, dump, restore...) as well as build tools (gcc, make, ld) as
the "`operating system"', that should be regarded as a unified
whole, and maintained as such. Upgrades apply to the whole operating
system and not just to the kernel, (as with Linux).

The entire operating system and the kernel can be rebuilt from the
sources with just a few commands. (Recently Gentoo Linux has also
offered similar capability, though without the other BSD advantages.)
A strict separation between operating system and supplementary
products (Apache, Netscape, OpenOffice etc) prevails, implemented
in seperate source hierarchies. In consequence application programs
can be updated separately, which increases the longevity of
installations.

\UAbschnitt{
Professional Development
 }
All BSDs maintain their complete operating system source code in a
CVS repository. Thus all changes can be reconstructed, reviewed and
if necessary also reversed.
% jhs needs review of next bit from Rainer
A release engineering team controls the entire integrated product.

\UAbschnitt{
Tight Organisation
 }
The BSD projects are not undisciplined heaps of code, in which many
dabble, but form professional organisations similar to commercial
software projects. Each has a "`Steering Committee" ', called
\textit{Core }, which over-views programming sub projects etc.
Around the core teams there are numerous sub projects of developers
- called \textit{Commiters } - responsible for addition and
maintenance of documentation and drivers, and all the other tasks
of the projects.

\UAbschnitt{
Software Galore !
 }
All BSDs can compile and run over 99\% of the source code software
available from EG freshmeat.net, and there are usually also pre-built
packages (Gimp, KDE, teTeX etc).

ABIs (Application Binary Interfaces) allow Linux programs to run
on the BSDs, even if there is only a binary package for Linux. Thus
further programs can be run on BSD even if the latest version is
only available for Linux, (EG Acrobat reader, Netscape7, StarOffice
6,0, Quake3 etc.).  There's no noticeable speed degradation.  The
quality and functionality of the Linux ABIs is however not equally
well developed on all BSDs - FreeBSD has the most functionality.

\UAbschnitt{
Stable File System
 }
The UFS file system has been highly valued for years and offers
very high performance, by use of \textit{Softupdates } the integrity
of the meta data is is guaranteed in event of a crash.

\UAbschnitt{
Ports System
 }
Much free software is only available in source format, or has
licencing restrictions on distribution in binary \textit{Package }
format, (the BSD equivalent of Linux RPMs).  The \textit{Ports
Framework} covers such contingencies.  It consists of a hierarchy
of Makefiles and where necessary patches, which unpack generic source
packages, compile and install them. The Ports System can on its own
fetch and apply sources and binaries from the Internet, or from
CDROM, including building and installing any dependencies.

Individual BSDs In Detail:

\Abschnitt{FreeBSD}
On normal PCs (often called x86 or i386-Hardware) FreeBSD is the
most frequently encountered representative of the BSD family.  This
is probably because it offers the broadest hardware support for
this platform, and is best optimised for it. Also it tends more
than the other two to "`functional comfortable-ness"' as experienced
on other desk top systems.  Thus it is more attractive for newcomers,
also offering the biggest collection of ported software, with nearly
8000
packages.
FreeBSD no longer regards itself just as a pure server system for
skilled administrators, but aims itself also at end
users, particularly newcomers from Windows and Linux.
FreeBSD 5.0 (released Jan 2003) now supports a variety of computer
architectures: alpha (DEC's Alpha/AXP), i386 (Intel and AMD, pentiums
etc), ia64 (Intel's Itanium), pc98 (Japanese PCs), sparc64 (Sun's
UltraSparc.  Power PC and StrongARM ports are in progress, but not available
yet.  FreeBSD alone of the three offers matured SMP multi processor
support.

\Abschnitt{NetBSD}
NetBSD is about as old as FreeBSD. Its most outstanding characteristic
is the ever growing number of hardware platforms it supports - far
more architectures than any other operating system. A complete list
would the exceed space available in this this leaflet, and would
quickly be incomplete and obsolete so refer to the NetBSD web page.
In many cases the decision to go NetBSD is easy, as it's the only
one available which runs on the hardware. If one has such exotic
hardware, that none of the three BSD systems run on it so far, the
chance is greatest with NetBSD that a port can be achieved with
acceptable effort.
Although not much older than FreeBSD, NetBSD happily portrays itself
as the "`big brother" ' of open source BSDs. It tends more than the
other two to maintain traditional BSD characteristics.  This
conservative behavior also has quite a positive, compensatory effect
on the other BSD systems.

\Abschnitt{OpenBSD}
OpenBSD split from NetBSD in 1996, and so is by far the youngest
of the three. 
Although it inherited a lot of platform-ports from NetBSD, 
some of the rarer platforms have become stunted due to lack of resources.

"`OpenBSD's"' motto and primary goal is "`Security"'. Though FreeBSD
and OpenBSD have also not neglected this, it's where OpenBSD shines.
This doesn't mean that OpenBSD is a "`Security Software Stew"',
rather "`Security"' in OpenBSD also means \textit{Correctness}.
The team around Theo de Raadt has performed a complete line by line
source code audit of the operating system to weed out any bugs and
detect and remove possible vulnerabilties.  (Naturally FreeBSD and
NetBSD also profited from this, as appropriate corrections were
adopted, where appropriate).  OpenBSD's  support for security also
means extensive support for cryptography.  Prominent here is the
unique support for several hardware crypto accelerator cards and
the broad integration of strong cryptography in the OS.  As Theo
de Raadt lives in Canada, these algorithms are not encumbered with
export restrictions.

\vskip 0pt plus 1fill

\hbox to \hsize{\hss\rule{10em}{0.4pt}\hss}
\footnotesize
\UNIX\
is a registered trademark and
\TOG\
 is a trademark of
\TOG\
in the USA and other countries. All other marks and names are
property of their respective owners; all appropriate registered
trade marks and registered trade marks are recognized as such; their
use serves only identification purposes.

\end{document}

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